economics and reality. More precisely, it asks how reality in the form empirical evidence does or does not influence economic … from general to specific. For the general perspective, I examine the following four points of view. First, economics is a … science. Second, economics is an art. Third, economics is a competition. Forth, economics politics. I then examine four …

This paper argues that history of economics has a fruitful, underappreciated role to play in the development of … economics, especially when understood as a policy science. This goes against the grain of the last half century during which … economics, which has undergone a formal revolution, has distanced itself from its ‘literary' past and practices precisely with …