This paper develops a model in which individuals gain social status among their peers for being 'tough' by committing violent acts. We show that a high penalty for moderately violent acts (zero-tolerance) may yield a double dividend in that it reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The...

In this volume, the rational choice model is extended to a framework of norm-guided theories of crime are incorporated. Based on this framework, a broad range of regression analyses of crime in various parts of the world is reviewed. Many general, methodological problems of empirical studies of...