Based on the European legal rules on freedom of establishment founders of companies have freedom of choice between different corporate laws – and as the emergence of new types such as the Spanish “lightning company” and the French ‘one-euro company' reveal, legislatures more and more try...

We investigate the questions of whether and when should MENA Competition Authorities intervene in markets in relation to abuse of dominance in order to comply with Islamic law. We, moreover, address the category of abuses, which these authorities should prioritise for enforcement as well as...

Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003 obliges the competition authorities of the EU Member States (national competition authorities or NCAs) to apply Articles 101 and 102 TFEU (EU antitrust law) whenever they apply national competition law to conduct falling within the scope of EU antitrust law....

It is nearly ten years that the EU’s antitrust enforcement has been decentralised by Regulation 1/2003. This paper is a small contribution taking stock of how this process has fared. After setting out a position on the discussion of two oft used benchmarks for assessing competition agencies...