While not explicitly stated, many tax avoidance studies seek to investigate tax avoidance that is the result of firms' intentional choices. Stock option compensation can result in unanticipated reductions to a firm's tax liability because the timing and magnitude of the related tax deduction is...

Objective – This research examines the effect of company size, changes in out-cash flow, return on assets, conservatism, and profit levelling on earnings management.Methodology/Technique – The results of this research show that banking capital structure, capital intensity, intensity of...

R&D tax incentives have become a widely used policy tool to promote business R&D. How do they shape firms’ incentives to invest in R&D? This paper contributes a methodology to construct forward-looking effective tax rates for an R&D investment that reflect the value of expenditure-based R&D...

In estimating the effects of capital income taxation, different studies measure different effective tax rates. This paper categorizes effective tax rate estimates into six basic types, and discusses the usefulness of each. For marginal effective tax rates, some studies estimate the additional...