estimate how gender and race are asso ciated with each pathway. We identify five distinct pathways characterized by varying de … exclusion as well as recurrent spells of in-work poverty. Gender and race differences persist even after controlling for la bor …

factors in income differences - race and gender - that contribute to income inequality within the population of blacks and … inequality associated with gender exceeds greatly that of race. While gender income inequality falls over time, income inequality … defined by the Gini index varies from 1% to 4% depending on the geographical administrative divisions used. Race tends to …