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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic consequences on the countries that on one hand protect themselves from future financial crises by accumulating international reserves (IR) while on the other hand expose themselves to severe financial crisis due to their excessive internal and/or...
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Crises on external sovereign debt are typically defined as defaults. Such a definition accurately captures debt-servicing difficulties in the 1980s, a period of numerous defaults on bank loans. However, defining defaults as debt crises is problematic for the 1990s, when sovereign bond markets...
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IMF programs are often considered to carry a "stigma" that triggers adverse market reactions. We show that such a negative IMF effect disappears when accounting for endogenous selection into programs. To proxy for a country's access to financial markets, we use credit ratings and investor...
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A Opening Addresses -- I International Lending in a Fragile World Economy -- II International Lending in a Fragile … World Economy: The Point of View of a Commercial Banker -- III International Lending in a Fragile World Economy: A …
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In this article, I review the World Bank's response to the global financial crisis that began in the fall of 2008. I … show that the World Bank significantly increased lending after the crisis began. The majority of this new lending went to … middle-income countries rather than to the poorest countries of the world. At first glance, this might seem like the Bank was …
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