Throughout the world, the rail industry has been one of the most heavily regulated sectors. The public utility paradigm of government regulation has failed to handle the central regulatory problem--the mixture of competive and monopoly elements in supply-- and is now being blamed for the poor...

An outlay schedule gives the expenditures required of consumers for the purchase of different quantities of a good or service. For any uniform price unequal to marginal cost, there is a nonlinear outlay schedule that is preferred by each consumer and that yields greater vendor profit. In fact,...

Contrary to conventional wisdom, a regulated natural monopoly may be vulnerable to entry by uninnovative competitors even if it is producing and pricing efficiently and earning zero economic profits. The causes and consequences of this unsustainability are theoretically examined in an idealized...

The paper investigates the strength of innovation-driven employment growth, the role of competition in stimulating and facilitating it, and whether it is inclusive. In a sample of more than 26,000 manufacturing establishments across 71 countries (both OECD and developing), the authors find that...