Recently several countries, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, have at least … partially reversed their earlier moves towards compulsory defined-contribution schemes. This paper concentrates on Poland, which … second tier of the pension system has obvious costs in terms of poverty among old-age pensioners. Their incomes will fall …

, their movement over time, and their impact on poverty in the case of Poland. Poland, a middle-income country, is of … the past few years to reduce poverty while still experiencing positive economic growth. The authors show that in Poland … labor shedding, henceforth, increasing poverty in Poland. In addition, the authors identify how fiscal and social protection …

Estimates of income inequality and the dynamics of poverty are highly sensitive to measurement error and transitory … shocks in micro-level data. The apparent high levels of economic mobility in Poland and Russia are driven largely by …