Aging societies face a fundamental challenge: How to represent future oriented policies in the politics of today? Voting age reforms and, more generally, policies that encourage the participation of the youth in politics are discussed as one solution. In this report, we study whether voting age...

In this analysis, we investigate ECB communication by analyzing more than 3,800 speeches from 1999 until 2022. The study measures the attention which ECB Council members pay to various implicit and explicit monetary policy objectives. While price stability, according to the Maastricht Treaty, is...

Die EU-Kommission, das EU-Parlament und der EU-Rat haben sich auf neue Klimaschutzregeln für den europäischen Luftverkehr geeinigt. Ausgehend vom Fit-for-55-Vorschlag der EU-Kommission wird der europäische Luftverkehr in Zukunft stärker zum Klimaschutz beitragen, da die Regelungen des...

The EU's search for a new China strategy is driven by the fear of economic dependence on China. There are also concerns about reprisals, particularly in the form of economic sanctions. In offi cial statements, China rejects the use of sanctions and historical data show that it has used sanctions...

Nach einem Jahr der multiplen Krisensituation wird eine erste Bilanz des Krisenmanagements und der noch zu erwartenden Risiken und Herausforderungen gezogen. Als Maßstab für die notwendigen strukturellen Veränderungen wird auf aktuell bestehende Perspektiven für nachhaltige Transformationen...

The EU faces the challenge to combine large and sustained investments to promote the transition towards a green, digital, and competitive Europe while maintaining fiscal sustainability. Based on a comprehensive literature review on the effects of fiscal rules and investment clauses on public...

Publicly traded family businesses in Europe do business with a longer-term perspective and more successfully than companies that are not family businesses – and the greater the influence of the founding family, the better their performance. This is the conclusion reached by the study of an...