Between 1.5 and 2 billion of the world's poor are small farmers. In recent years, voluntary certification has become a popular tool for improving their livelihoods. The success of the Fairtrade label has inspired hundreds of other sustainable-sourcing schemes, and certified products are...

Between 2018 and 2021, the country was beset by multiple crises: severe droughts in 2018 and 2021, escalating violence, and the COVID-19 pandemic, fundamentally affected Afghans' livelihoods, creating an even more fragile context. In 2021, five years after households started receiving the...