Recent empirical studies reveal that the convergence speed of nominal and real veriables are fairly different. In this paper, we study the temporal evolution of the mutual influence between the convergences of a nominal and a real variable.

Firstly, I propose a general framework for the periodization of capitalist development during the 19th and 20th centuries. Next I will look at the economic functions of the state. The underlying hypothesis is that the state has lost relatively little real power vis-a-vis the one it used to...

This paper analyzes some of the consequences of economic and monetary union of the two Germanies. Particular emphasis is given to the real implications for the supply side of the German Democratic Republic and for resource flows between two economic regions.

This paper asks whether Germany was ever an economically integrated area. I explore the geography of trade costs in a new data set of about 40,000 observations on regional trade flows within and across the borders of Germany over the period 1885 – 1933. There are three key results. First, the...

This paper addresses several questions of concern to economies excluded from the world's two major trading blocs <196> the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA). First, is there evidence from the past that suggests the direct and indirect effects of regional...</196>

This paper presents a framework to understand and measure the effects of political borders on economic growth and per capita income levels. In our model, political integration between two countries results in a positive country size effect and a negative effect through reduced openness...

The paper proceeds as follows. Section I reviews the exchange rate policies that developing countries have been implementing since the Bretton Woods accord. The includes a recall of the exchange rate concept followed by the main characteristics of developing country economic structures and the...

The paper examines policy externalities between imperfectly competitive open economies where unemployment prevails in general equilibrium. We develop a two-country and two-sector model with monopolistic competition in the goods market and wage bargaining in the labor market. Policy externalities...

We revisit Western Europe's record with labor-productivity convergence, and tentatively extrapolate its implications for the future path of Eastern Europe. The poorer Western European countries caught up with the richer ones through both higher rates of physical capital accumulation and greater...