Long-term ratings of companies are obtained from public data plus some additional nondisclosed information. A model based on data from firms' public accounts is proposed to directly obtain these ratings, showing fairly close similitude with published results from Credit Rating Agencies. The...

In China, medium, small, and micro enterprises (MSMEs) play an important role in economic development, but they are difficult to obtain a substantial loan due to their unquantifiable credit rating and default. To address this issue, this paper applies machine learning and intelligent...

Emerging literature focuses on insurers' earnings management using estimated liability for unpaid claims, known as loss reserve. An insurance company generally uses the traditional estimation methods with linear estimation to measure loss reserve error, but those methods are often criticized for...

Defaults in a credit portfolio of many obligors or in an economy populated with firms tend to occur in waves, reflecting their sharing of common risk factors and/or having systemic linkages via credit chains. One popular approach to characterizing defaults in is the Poisson intensity model...