This paper investigates empirically firm investment behavior in research and development (R&D). Firms make investments in R&D in order to produce innovations. These innovations in turn improve the firm's future productivity level, pro tability and incentives to invest in R&D. Using German...

Economic theory predicts that outsourcing public services to private firms will reduce costs, but the effect on quality is ambiguous. We explore quality differences between publicly and privately owned ambulances in a setting where patients are as good as randomly assigned to ambulances of...