Younger, riskier, less credible firms do not voluntarily supply initial public offering prospectus earnings forecasts. Nondisclosure increases valuation uncertainty risk, thus necessitating higher first-day underpricing and long-run performance as compensation.

To date OR has no means of modelling, and therefore predicting the behaviour of knowledge in a system. Such knowledge bearing systems are ubiquitous, and include social networking structures (of increasing importance in politics and in marketing) and more conventional organisational structures...