Many individuals infected with the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) suffer from intestinal infection as well as respiratory infection. These COVID-19-suffering individuals shed virus in their stool, resulting in municipal sewage systems carrying the virus and its genetic remnants. These viral...

What happens within the university-based research enterprise when a federal funding agency abruptly changes research grant funding levels, up or down? We use simple difference equation models to show that an apparently modest increase or decrease in funding levels can have dramatic effects on...