[eng] Reintegrating eastern europe into the world economy : a first assessment of the exchange-rate policy connected with the introduction of convertibility. . The early move to internai convertibility, together with a radical liberalization of foreign trade relations, at the very beginning of...

Business history allows throwing light on great movements of economy and their origin. The contributions of this sort of history are numerous: the part of scale saving, diversification, scale progress. The vision of technical progress by historians nourishes also a lot of models of endogenous...

Comparing the degree of openness of different national economies or the variations of openness during different periods is a difficult task. Using the historical data existing for France since the beginning of the 19th century, we try to show how an accurate and consistent picture of the gradual...