. Japan and Korea grew into major players before liberalizing trade and investment, while even after extensive liberalization … formation, quality upgrading, supplier-linkage cooperation, and innovation. In Japan, the regional and global leader, innovative …

-producers emerged in Asia, Latin America as well as Southern and Central Europe. In addition, the automobile industries of Germany …, Japan and the United States engaged in outsourcing of relatively labor intensive segments of the value chain, especially on … differed considerably between Germany, Japan and the United States. Economic restructuring was least pronounced in the US …