competition in the collective decision-making. We use the criteria developed to build a dataset for every currently independent …

, regimes, and time. Whether independence, in turn, depends on political competition remains an open question, as extant … formal model predicting the conditions under which legislative political competition causes a political power vacuum, which … theoretically derived expectations, as aggregate measures of political competition across space and time cause significant changes …

anticipatory regulatory democracy. 'Competitive supra-governmental regulation' is largely driven by non-state actors and is … therefore commonly viewed as suffering a democracy deficit. However, because it stresses broad participation, intensive … deliberative procedures, responsiveness to state law and widely accepted norms, and competition among regulatory programs to …

democracy.The focus in the second half of the chapter shifts to democracy itself, and analysis of the burgeoning literature … concerned with the nature of EU democracy, the extent to which the EU suffers from a democratic deficit and the ways in which it … democracy, which leads to differences of view on aspects of the democratic deficit critique. The discussion will draw on …