This paper documents the evidence in support of fiscal and monetary exchange rates for the Canadian dollar, Deutschemark, Yen, and Pound over the 1974-1993 period. Cointegrating relationships between the real exchange rate and (i) fiscal impulses and (ii) productivity and government spending are...

When nontraded goods prices are accounted for consistently and genuine stock data on bilateral foreign asset holdings is employed, a modified sticky-price exchange rate model by far outperforms the benchmark random walk-model in empirically forecasting the D-mark/dollar parity out of sample....