-producing country such as the U.S. is associated with a 0.15% lower level of productivity. Second, technological knowledge has become … more global over the sample period. As a determinant of productivity, foreign R&D has significantly gained in importance …

-producing country such as the U.S. is associated with a 0.15% lower level of productivity. Second, technological knowledge has become … more global over the sample period. As a determinant of productivity, foreign R&D has significantly gained in importance …

recipient countries; for example, Italy's productivity is0.5 to 1.2 percent lower than Denmark's because of less …