Social changes accompanying the evolution of technology and its contradictions find expression in dynamic desequilibria which affect the internal economies of both the central and the peripheral countries. This article analyses these disequilibria and puts forward considerations relating to the...

The paper shows that international government borrowing from multilateral development banks is countercyclical while international government borrowing form private sector lenders is procyclical. The countercyclicality of official lending is mostly driven by the behavior of the World Bank...