This article identifies biases in market portfolios of parallel research projects arising from the noncongruence of social goals and private aspirations, occasioned by those circumstances where the market rewards only the winner and where the winner is awarded the entire social surplus. It is...

Intro; Table of Contents; In Memoriam: Kenneth Joseph Arrow (1921-2017); Foreword, by Robert M. Solow; Preface; Random Thoughts on "Birth and Death," by Kenneth J. Arrow; Birth and Death: Arrow Lecture; 1. Economic Demography; 2. Utilitarian Ethics; 3. Ends and Means; 4. Synopsis; Part I: Foundations;...