Common property arrangements have long been considered inefficient and short lived, since they encourage high-productivity individuals to leave and shirking among those who stay. In contrast, kibbutzim | voluntary common property settlements in Israel | have lasted almost a century. Recently,...

Peripherally located kibbutzim belonged to major social movements which were the cutting edge of Zionism and brought about its success, while centrally located inter-kibbutz Federative Organizations (Herafter: FOs) dominated kibbutzim because of oligarchization that was greatly enhanced by their...