Since the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were launched at Bretton Woods more than 50 years ago, and the regional development banks in subsequent decades, the world economy has changed in important respects. In considering the role of international financial institutions (IFIs),...

The 2015 Addis Ababa "Billions to Trillions" initiative called for stepped-up private sector investments and financial flows in developing countries. But instead of closing, the "trillion" dollar gap between development and climate needs, and and the actual flows continues to widen. Was it a...

The 2015 Addis Ababa "Billions to Trillions" initiative called for stepped-up private sector investments and financial flows in developing countries. But instead of closing, the "trillion" dollar gap between development and climate needs, and and the actual flows continues to widen. Was it a...

Private financial flows to Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) today are lower than in 2015, when both the UN's Addis Ababa Agenda for Action and the Paris Agreement were adopted - committing the world to financing the SDGs and reducing carbon emissions. Were the expectations...

Private financial flows to Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) today are lower than in 2015, when both the UN's Addis Ababa Agenda for Action and the Paris Agreement were adopted - committing the world to financing the SDGs and reducing carbon emissions. Were the expectations...

The paper contributes to the discussion about the revenue implications of trade reform by assessing the approximate fiscal revenue impact of different liberalization formulae under consideration in multilateral trade negotiations for a group of low- and middle-income countries. The study applies...

Preference erosion has become an obstacle to multilateral trade liberalization, as beneficiaries of trade preferences have an incentive to resist reductions in most-favored-nation (MFN) tariffs. This study identifies middle-income developing countries that are vulnerable to export revenue loss...