This paper introduces a novel simulation-based filtering method for general state space models. It allows for the computation of time-varying conditional means, quantiles, and modes, but also for the prediction of latent variables in general. The method relies on generating artificial samples of...

The leading strategy for analyzing unstructured data uses two steps. First, latent variables of economic interest are estimated with an upstream information retrieval model. Second, the estimates are treated as "data" in a downstream econometric model. We establish theoretical arguments for why...

The leading strategy for analyzing unstructured data uses two steps. First, latent variables of economic interest are estimated with an upstream information retrieval model. Second, the estimates are treated as “data” in a downstream econometric model. We establish theoretical arguments for...