Instrumental variables (IV) estimation of a demand equation using time series data is shown to produce a weighted … average derivative of heterogeneous potential demand functions. This result adapts recent work on the causal interpretation of … market in New York City to estimate an average elasticity of wholesale demand for fresh fish. The weighting function …

This paper presents an empirical verification of the demand price elasticity for piped water in major cities in Poland … – it was the main goal of the research. The information concerning the demand reaction to price changes is substantial for … sustainable urban water demand. Any prediction of possible adaptation to global climate change also requires detailed information …