The institutional model used in the integration process between the European Union (EU) and Turkey was that of establishment of a customs union under an Association Agreement. In the context of the difficulties that have occurred in the membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey, the...

A product of the Framework V research project, this book addresses one of the key problems facing the EU today: Why is the ‘new’ EU so much poorer than the ‘old’, and how will EU enlargement help to solve the problem? Focusing on the productivity problems underlying the East-West gap, it...

This paper examines the effects of EU integration in the 1990s on the FDI relations in Europe. We find that the completion of the Single Market, the 1995 enlargement and the so-called Eastern enlargement are characterised by a substantial, positive anticipation effect in the period between the...

Part I The Background to the Russo-Ukrainian War and Contextual Factors -- 1 Beginnings of the Russo-Ukrainian War -- 2 Turning Points in the Russo-Ukrainian War -- 3 The West and Russia: Frozen Relations Between the UK and Russia for Decades -- 4 Energy Perspectives -- Part II The Implications...