considerably changed after introducing of the euro which in the first decade of the XXI century exceeded 20% share in reserves of … the demand for the euro and increasing the pressure on the appreciation of the euro exchange rate unless the authority … appreciation of the euro may increase and this becomes a great challenge for the authority issuing the already second significant …

-- 5. The euro's ideational challenge to the unipolarity of the dollar -- 6. The Eurozone's monetary power in reforming the …1. Introduction : the euro challenge seen from emerging markets -- 2. Reframing the euro vs. dollar debate -- 3. The … material limits of the euro challenge to the dollar -- 4. The alternative of the euro and the negotiated status of the dollar …

last two waves of EU enlargement have had on Russia, as well as the role of the euro in Russia. The analysis suggests that … euro by Russian residents and authorities in international transactions has increased, albeit at an uneven pace. While, in … general, the US dollar remains the major foreign currency used by Russian residents, the euro has gained importance as an …