Foreign investors' fear of expropriation led to the emergence of the idea of new ways of protection and adequate treatment of foreign investments on the international level. Primarily, the home countries wanted to protect their interests and became the main proponents of the creation of...

Government-controlled investors, including state-owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds, have greatly expanded their international activities in recent years. This paper describes the existing policy landscape of international investments by government-controlled investors under both...

As in some developing countries and more recently some developed countries worldwide and in the Asian region, Australia has faced significant internal opposition and public debate especially over treaty-based investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). As outlined in Part II(1), concerns have...

New Zealand's newly elected Labour coalition government announced in October 2017 that it would not agree to investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions in future trade and investment agreements, and would try to amend them in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement. This has...

The unclarity and uncertainty in international customary law, which governed foreign investments during the colonial era and resistance of the developing countries to the vague norms of the customary law, after the colonial era, prompted states to seek more certain and stable legal framework for...