This paper interprets contagion effects as an increase in the volatility of aggregate shocks impinging on the domestic … capital needs) borrow at a premium from domestic banks. Higher volatility of producers’ productivity shocks increases both …

volatility of aggregate shocks impinging on the domestic economy. The implications of this approach are analyzed in a model with … revenue lost in adverse states of nature. Higher volatility of producers' productivity shocks increases both financial spreads … volatility are non-linear. Higher volatility does not impose any welfare cost for countries characterized by relatively low …