Vertical restraints, which are illegal under Art. 81(1) of the EC Treaty, must take the accepted form of multilateral conducts; particularly agreements, concerted practices or decisions of associations. In contrast to horizontal multilateral conducts, vertical co-operation is, to some extent,...

This paper presents a non-technical introduction to three economic tools that have in recent years become widespread in competition law enforcement in general and in the analysis of proposed mergers in particular: critical loss analysis, upward pricing pressure, and the vertical arithmetic. In...

Numerous recently uncovered cartels operated along the supply chain, with firms at one end facilitating collusion at the other - hub-and-spoke arrangements. These cartels are hard to rationalize because they induce double marginalization and higher costs. We examine Canada's alleged bread cartel...