In this paper, the author argues that compulsory licenses might potentially amount to indirect expropriation provided that their effects constitute a severe curtailment of the patent rights. Inasmuch as the expropriation standards in BIAs differ from those articulated under the TRIPS Agreement,...

While the TRIPS Agreement provides for minimum standards of protection of intellectual property, it leaves a certain degree of policy space for WTO members, whether developed or developing countries, to implement the Agreement's provisions in different manners, to legislate in areas not subject...

The author through this research project has focused on the fact that how systems around access to medicines has been reshaped 25 years down the line, thanks to a plethora of bilateral and multilateral agreements. On a broader level, (though not expressly stated) a comparison has been shown...