Informed by a neo-Gramscian perspective able to conceptualize transnational class formation, this article assesses whether European trade union organizations have developed into independent supranational actors, or whether they are merely secretariats in charge of organizing the co-operation of...

European integration has led to considerable reflection about the trajectory of industrial relations in Europe. In the event, rather than the "two extremes of social union versus a completely deregulated free-for-all", a multi-level system is emerging which is simultaneously prompting both...