A long-standing process to harmonise national rules on the transfer of funds has been underway at European Union level since the nineteen-eighties. This process aims to improve the proper functioning of the internal market for domestic and cross-border payment transactions, and is performed...

Reducing the environmental impact of human activities has become a strategic objective of governments, institutions, companies and individuals. In this paper, we estimate the CO2 equivalent emissions of the TARGET Instant Payment Settlement (TIPS) system and compare it with that of Bitcoin and...

COVID-19 has temporarily changed the relative cost and benefits of different payment methods: cash has become more costly in terms of health risks, ease of use and likelihood of acceptance, whereas debit card usage has become less costly. As a result, consumers have shifted away from cash. For...

COVID-19 has temporarily changed the relative cost and benefits of different payment methods: cash has become more costly in terms of health risks, ease of use and likelihood of acceptance, whereas debit card usage has become less costly. As a result, consumers have shifted away from cash. For...

Even though unregulated and decentralized platforms such as crypto assets are considered to have the potential to provide low-income earners with cheap banking alternative and “perhaps put pressure on banks to lower fees” (WSJ, 2019), its volatile nature, lack of consensual standards as...

This study examines the role and effectiveness of the several modes of financial inclusion and technology for uninterrupted economic and business activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is based on empirical analysis through statistical estimation of four mathematical equations. The...