Qualitative studies and media reports suggest that the presence of Chinese oil or mining companies generates resentments among local extractive communities due to low wages, poor working conditions, environmental degradation, the employment of foreign labour, and perceived racial discrimination....

Gold was discovered on the Palmer River in remote northern Queensland, Australia, in 1872. By 1877, the population had soared to 19,500, of which over 90 percent were Chinese. This paper described the organisation of the Chinese mining community and European miners and government reactions