The size, logistical and political constraints of China has made it difficult to research the black-market in ivory. In situ investigations of retailers have been infrequent, with limited coverage. Some of the results are problematic. This motivated the trial of a different survey technique in...

The recent and rapid increase in elephant poaching has caused international alarm. A panel-data regression model was employed to identify possible causes of this upsurge. The large decline in shipping costs after the GFC is strongly correlated to the rise in large shipments interdicted in recent...

Brand equity has received significant academic attention since the mid‐1990s. This has been driven partly by changes in international accounting standards as they relate to the reporting of the financial value of intangible assets. A more prominent driver concerns the impact of marketing, and...

Trading behavior occurs in many species but has a particularly elaborate form in humans. Trade is defined as the mutually beneficial, adaptive transfer of goods and services between organisms. Trade has a competitive element and responds to changes in relative scarcity. Trade is demonstrated to...