countries, central bank holdings of dollar reserves are significantly correlated with the dollar-denominated bank borrowing of … model in which the central bank can deal with private-sector mismatch, and the associated risk of a domestic financial … crisis, in two ways: (i) by imposing ex ante financial regulations such as bank capital requirements; or (ii) by building a …

-out guarantee. The reason is that the prospect of a bail-out induces the protected bank to expand, thereby intensifying competition …

-out guarantee. The reason is that the prospect of a bail-out induces the rotected bank to expand, thereby intensifying competition … in the deposit market and depressing other banks' margins. In contrast, the effects on the protected bank's risk taking …