objectives simultaneously, in rural India. Using an experiment in 230 schools, the paper measures the effects of the program on … students' school participation and academic performance over two years, while also examining heterogeneous impacts and ….7 percent in the second), reducing gender gaps in school retention. The findings show large learning gains of 0.323 standard …

prevalence in India prior to a nationwide eradication program in the 1950s. We find that the program led to modest increases in …