"This book examines how Russia and Kazakhstan navigated the dilemmas associated with building regulatory state … documents enacted in Russia and Kazakhstan between 1990 and 2020 shows that formal regulatory institutions the autocrats built … implementation by the regulatory bureaucracy, autocrats are able to reinvigorate economic performance and rebalance elite and popular …

-based regulation policy requires the government to make use of a bureaucracy; this has a bureaucratic cost, as the bureaucracy diverts …We develop a model to discuss a government's incentives to delegate to bureaucrats the regulation of an industry. The … implications for when and how a government should delegate its regulation of industry. We find that bureaucratic discretion reduces …