, gender and education and strongly affect lifecycle wage profiles. The largest effects can be observed for younger cohorts in …

gender-based disparities. Women face several challenges during their working lives, such as late entry into the labor market …, the gender pay gap, discontinuous working careers, and early retirement due to family caregiving, which lead to lower … pension incomes. This paper investigates the gender pension gap in nine European Union countries from 2004 to 2020. Our study …

private pillar (with defined contributions) and a more targeted public pillar (with defined benefits). Gender issues arise in …

. Comparison of the old and the new systems reveals a complex set of factors that cause gender effects given constant behavior or …

This paper provides the results of analyses of key problems related to pension systems and their reforms in Russia and …