Introduction -- Overview of international taxation -- Examples of country tax systems -- Manufacturing -- Procurement companies -- Distribution and regional sales companies -- Shipping and air transport -- Value added tax -- Customs duties and tariffs -- The digital economy -- Social security...

It is observed in the real world that taxes matter for location decisions and that multinationals shift profits by transfer pricing. The US and Canada use Formula Apportionment (FA) to tax corporate income, and the EU is debating a switch from Separate Accounting (SA) to FA. This paper develops...