Mispricing (the difference between prices and their underlying fundamental values) is an important characteristic of markets. The literature on the topic consists of many different measures. This state of affairs is unsatisfactory, since it is not clear to which extent results are sensitive to...

There is a large and growing literature that studies the effects of weak enforcement institutions on economic performance. This literature has focused almost exclusively on primary markets, in which assets are issued and traded to improve the allocation of investment and consumption. The general...

Equity market liberalizations are like IPOs, but they are IPOs of a country's stock market rather than of individual firms. Both are endogenous events whose benefits are limited by poor investor protection, agency costs, and information asymmetries. As for stock prices following an IPO, there...