Production often causes pollution as a by-product. Once pollution problems become too severe, regulation is introduced … and decline of pollution can be explained by policyinduced technology shifts. …

-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given … corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the …The relationship between per capita income and a number of pollution indicators has been found to display an inverted U …