Controversies about the inclusion of the investment-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism have been dominating the debate surrounding the ongoing negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) agreement in many EU countries. The level of social anxiety and the...

International investment law, and particularly investor state dispute settlement (ISDS) is currently the subject of many heated debates, from the fairness of bilateral investment treaties, to the lack of precedent in ISDS, to the impartiality of arbitrators. This article examines national...

In an earlier era, treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (FCNs) were the primary international law mechanism through which the U.S. government sought to promote and protect foreign investment. Conventional wisdom holds that FCNs are of only limited historical interest, having been...

How to manage a growing cultural and religious diversity with its origin in human mobility across the globe is a pressing theme in Europe. A process of shrinking tolerance of diversity in favour of the imposition of prohibitions of certain acts grounded in culture is now observed. Both female...

The paper provides an analysis of WTO law's security exceptions. First, it examines if acts adopted with reference to national security are reviewable and, if they are, which elements are reviewable and what defenses, if any, are enjoyed by member states? Second, it inquires whether WTO law’s...

Legitimacy of international investment law is in crisis. One particular area of international investment law that has been progressively re-developed is the area of investment dispute settlement. The EU sees the multilateral investment court as a proper solution to reform ISDS in the future. To...