In this article, we analyze the incentives of vertically integrated oligopolists to concede access to their bottleneck inputs to an entrant in the downstream retail market. We develop a two-stage model, where in the first stage a downstream entrant negotiates an access price with three...

This paper explains four things in a unified way. First, how e-commerce can generate price equilibria, where physical shops either compete with virtual hops for consumers with Internet access, or alternatively, sell only to consumers with no Internet access. Second, how these price equilibria...

Abstract We analyze the impact on consumer prices of some information characteristics of price-comparison search platforms. An equilibrium model where vendors compete in prices and consumers do not observe prices, but can obtain price information through a search platform, is developed. The...