A wide array of policy instruments can protect domestic firms against foreign competition. Regulatory measures that raise the costs of foreign firms relative to domestic firms are exceptionally wasteful protectionist devices, however, with deadweight costs that can greatly exceed those of...

The debate whether antidumping measures have to applied on MFN basis has started with two decisions of the dispute settlement body in EC-Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Footwear from China and EC-Definitive Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Iron and Steel Fastners from China. The author argues...

This paper assesses the scope for and implications of trade measures for environmental purposes in the WTO and the European Union. The assessment is illustrated by a number of cases that have tested the limits of legal provisions in the WTO and EU dealing with issues arising at the intersection...