This paper addresses the question of why high unemployment rates tend to persist even after their proximate causes have been reversed (e.g., after wages relative to productivity have fallen). We suggest that the longer people are unemployed, the greater is their cumulative likelihood of falling...

This article contains the results of research on the evaluation of the training offer addressed to the medical staff of one of the largest Polish specialist hospitals. The authors have used surveys addressed to employees: doctors and nurses. On the basis of numeral data received from the...