We analyze the effect of school expenditure on children’s test scores at age 16 by means of an education production …

. We use a representative panel data set containing cognitive test scores of 4-6 year olds in Dutch schools. School quality … is measured by the school's average achievement test score at age 12. Our results indicate that children in high …-achieving schools as an instrument for school choice corroborates the results. The robustness of the results points toward a causal …

Can lowering school starting age promote equality of opportunities and reduce the achievement gaps between pupils? We … provide evidence on the heterogeneous (positional) effects on early school performance of two mandatory schooling reforms in … reform reduced the school starting age from seven to six, the second changed the first-year curriculum from a play …