Many new and efficient technologies require "critical metals" to function. These metals are often extracted as by-product of another metal, and their future supply is therefore dependent on mining developments of the host metal. Supply of critical metals can also be constrained because of...

...We examine patterns of supply and demand for iron ore and bauxite, and recent trends in resource productivity of these two important metal ores. We introduce a consumption perspective and compare the material footprint of metal ores to the GDP of countries to look at how much economic benefit...

The main goal of the paper is quantitative and scientifically based economic assessment of basic metal industry and its importance for the national economy. The empirical assessment involves exploring the direct effects (the contribution of the steel industry to GDP and economic growth, export,...