.S. markets than import tariffs. The authors investigate the determinants of the costs of shipping to the United States using a … find that the efficiency of ports is also important. Improving the efficiency of a port from the 25th to the 75th … percentile reduces shipping costs by 12 percent. (On average, having bad ports is equivalent to being 60 percent farther away …

costs. Improving port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile reduces shipping costs by 12 percent. (Bad ports are …, which are one of the components of shipping costs. We try to explain variations in port efficiency and find that they are ….S. markets than import tariffs. We investigate the determinants of shipping costs to the U.S. with a large database of more than …